PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Pi (ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter): p = 3.14159265…

e (base of natural logarithms, defined such that ln(e) = 1): e = 2.71828183…

Gravitational constant: G = 6.673 × 10^-11 m³/kg·s²

Acceleration due to Earth’s gravity: g = 9.807 m/s²

Speed of light in a vacuum: c = 299,792,458 m/s (exact)

Avogadro’s constant: N_A=6.022142 × 10²³ mol^-1

Gas constant: R = 8.31447 J/mol·K

Boltzmann constant: k = 1.3806503 × 10^-23 J/K

Planck constant: h = 6.6260688 × 10^-34 J·s

Elementary charge: e = 1.602176 × 10^-19 C

Electron rest mass: m_e = 9.10938189 × 10^-31 kg

Proton rest mass: m_p = 1.67262158 ×10^-27 kg

Neutron rest mass: m_n = 1.6749286 ×10^-27 kg