SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

• Hydrometer measures humidity
• Barometer measures atmospheric pressure
• Purity of milk is measured by lactometer
• Fathometer measures the depth of oceans.
• Sextant is used for measuring altitude of Sun and other heavenly bodies
• Chronometer records accurate time on ships
• Algesimeter indicates the degree of sensitiveness of skin
• Altimeter measures altitudes
• Ammeter measures current
• Anemometer records velocity of wind
• Cyamometer measures blueness of sky or ocean
• Dasymeter measures density of gas
• Galvanometer measures small electric current
• Hydrometer measures relative density of liquids
• Hygrometer measures humidity in atmosphere
• Hypsometer measures atmospheric pressure to ascertain elevations by determining boiling point of liquid. Or Hypsometer is an instrument for measuring the height above sea level.
• Manometer measures pressure of gases
• Micrometer measures minute distances
• Periscope is used for viewing objects above eye level
• Cyclotron is used for electromagnetic acceleration of charged atoms
• Geiger counter is used for detecting and recording radioactivity. It was invented by Hans Geiger (1882-1945)
• Pyrometer measures high temperatures
• Refrectometer measures refractive index of a substance
• Seismograph measures intensity of earthquake
• Telstar transmits wireless or T.V broadcast
• Viscometer measures viscosity of liquids
• Spiro graph records the movement of lungs
• Photometer measures rate of transpiration
• Scotograph is used for enbling blind to write
• Eratosthenes measures distance round the earth
• Kaldio-scopes have proved helpful in finding the amount of dampness in soil
• Mohr’s scale measures degree of hardness of minerals
• RBC and WBC is bloods are counted by Hemocytometer.
• Manometer is the instrument of measuring gas pressure.
• Spectrometer instrument for measuring the spectrum of light.
• The variation in the blood flow can be heard with an instrument called _ stethoscope _ 
• What is measured by an interferometer-Wavelength of light
• Hydrophone is used for measuring sound under water.
• Magnometer is an instrument designed to compare the magnetic movement and field.
• Potometer is used to measure the rate of respiration in animal and plants.
• For measuring solar radiation we use pyrheliometer.
• Actimometer measures direct heating power of the Sun.
• Ammeter is use for measuring current strength.
• Manometer is the instrument of measuring gas pressure.
• Spectrometer instrument for measuring the spectrum of light.
• The measurement of rainfall is made by an instrument known as rain gauge
• What is measured with an ombrometer-Rainfall
• The instrument used to measure very high temperature: Infrared pyrometers
• Mechanical energy into electrical energy: Generator
• Heat energy into mechanical energy: Heat engine or steam engine.
• Electrical energy into mechanical energy: Electrical Motor
• Electrical energy into sound energy: Loudspeaker
• Sound energy into electrical energy: Microphone
• The device used to measure radioactivity: Geiger-Muller tube
• The device which converts the chemical energy into electrical energy: Battery
• The device used to measure radioactivity. Geiger counter
• Hygrometer is instrument used for measuring humidity of air.
• Heliscope is used for viewing the sun.
• What does a potometer measure- Water intake
• Clinical thermometer usually measures in Fahrenheit.
• Actimometer measures direct heating power of the Sun.
• Ammeter is use for measuring current strength
• Voltammeter is an electrolytic cell for conducting electrolytic dissociation of electrolyte.
• What does a drosomoter measure: Dew
• Relative density of an atmosphere is measured by hygrometer.
• Spirograph is an apparatus used for recording the movement of the lungs.
• The maximum limit of sound beyond which a person can become deaf is 129 lbs.
• Charles K Rhodes developed an X-Ray emitting laser in 1990.
• Son meter is an instrument used to study the behavior of vibrating string.
• The instrument used for measuring the velocity of wind is known as anemometer.
Altimeter: an apparatus used in aircraft for measuring altitudes.
Ammeter: is used for to measure intensity of sound.
Anemometer: is an instrument for measuring the force and velocity of wind.
Audiometer: an instrument to measure intensity of sound.
Audiophone: is an instrument required for improving imperfect sense of hearing.
Barograph: for continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.
Barometer: is an apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric pressure.
Binoculars: is an instrument used for seeing distant objects, the rays of light are twice reflected by means of right-angled prisms.
Callipers: a compass with legs for measuring the inside or outside diameter of bodies.
Calorimeter: an instrument used for measuring quantities of heat.
Carburettor: is an apparatus for charging air with petrol vapours in an internal combustion engine.
Cardiogram: a medical instrument used for tracing the movements of the heart.
Cardiograph: is a medical instrument for tracing heart movements.
Chronometer: is an instrument kept on board the ships for measuring accurate time.
Cinematograph: It consists of a series of lenses arranged to throw on a screen an enlarged image of photographs. The lens system which forms the image on the screen is termed the focusing lens.
Commutator: split ring which forms the main part of a D.C. Dynamo.
Compass needle: for knowing approximately the North-South direction at a place.
Crescograph: is an instrument for use in recording growth of plants; invented by J.C. Bose.
Dip Circle: It is an instrument used to determine the angle between the direction of the resultant intensity of earth’s field and the horizontal component at a place. This particular angle is know as the dip of that place.
Drinker’s apparatus: to help breathing in infantile paralysis.
Dynamo: The origin of electricity in a Dynamo is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy. It depends on the principle of electro-magnetic induction whereby a current is produced on traversing a magnetic field.
Electroencephalograph (EEG): It is the technique of recording and interpreting the electrical activity of the brain. Records of the electrical activity of the brain, commonly known as “brain waves”, are called electroencephalograms or electroencephalographs. EEG is the common abbreviation for both the technique and the records.
Epidiascope: for projecting films as well as images of opaque articles on a screen.
Eudiometer: It is a glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases.
Fathometer: is an instrument used for measuring depth of the ocean.
Galvanometer: an instrument for measuring currents of small magnitude.
G.M. Counter (Geiger Muller Counter): This special device is used for detecting the presence of radiation and counting certain atomic particles.
Gramophone: an instrument with which we can reproduce the sound recorded by a suitable recording apparatus. It is fitted with a special type of apparatus known as sound box invented by Berliner.
Gravimeter: is an instrument for recording measurement under water and to determine the presence of oil deposits under water.
Gyroscope: is an instrument used to illustrate dynamics of rotating bodies. It is a type of spinning wheel fixed to the axle.
Hydrometer: is an instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids.
Hydrophone: is an instrument used for recording sound under water.
Hygrometer: is an instrument used for measuring humidity in air.
Kymograph: is an instrument used to record graphically various physiological movements i.e., blood pressure, heart beating, study of lungs etc in living beings.
Lactometer: is an apparatus used for measuring the purity of milk.
Manometer: for determining the pressure of a gas.
Mariner’s Compass: is an apparatus which is used to guide the sailors. The needle always points north-south.
Micrometer: is an instrument used for converting sound i.e., fraction of the lowest division of a given scale.
Microphone: is an instrument used for converting sound waves into electrical vibrations.
Microscope: is an instrument which is used for magnifying minute objects by a lens system.
Microtome: is used for cutting an object into thin parts for microscopic inspection.
Odometer: is an instrument by virtue of which the distance covered by wheeled vehicles is recorded. 
Periscope: It is usually used by the crew of a submarine to survey the ships etc, on the surface of the sea while the submarine is under water. It also enables the sailors to observe objects on the other side of an obstacle without exposing themselves.
Phonograph: is an instrument used for reproducing sound.
Photometer: is an apparatus used to compare the illuminating power of two sources of light.
Pipette: It is a glass tube with the aid of which a definite volume of liquid may be transferred.
Potentiometer: is used for comparing the e.m.f.s, of cells, measurements of the thermal e.m.f.s, large potential differences and currents. It is also used for measuring low resistances.
Psychrometer: is an instrument for measurement of the humidity of the atmosphere.
Pyrometer: is an instrument for recording high temperatures from a great distance (i.e., for recording temperature of the sun etc.) by making use of the laws of radiation.
Radar: Radio, Angle, Detection And Range is used to detect the direction and range of an approaching aeroplane by means of radio microwaves.
Rain Gauge: is an apparatus for recording of rainfall at a particular place.
Radiometer: is an instrument for measuring the emission of radiant energy.
Refractometer: is an instrument to measure refractive indices.
Saccharimeter: is an instrument for determining the amount of sugar in a solution. It is used in breweries.
Seismometer or Seismograph: is an instrument used for recording earthquake shocks.
Sextant: is an instrument invented by John Hadley used for measuring the altitude of the sun and of other inaccessible heavenly bodies.
Spectrometer: (1) It is a type of spectroscope suitable for the precise measurements of refractive indices. (2) An instrument for measuring the energy distribution of a particular type of radiation.
Speedometer: is an instrument which indicates speed at which a vehicle is moving.
Spherometer: is an instrument for measuring curvature of surfaces.
Sphygmomanometer: an instrument used for measuring arterial blood-pressure.
Sphygmophone: an instrument, with the help of which a pulse beat makes a sound.
Sphygmoscope: an instrument, by virtue of which, arterial pulsations become visible.
Stereoscope: It is a special type of binocular, through which a double photograph snapped from two different angles by a two-lensed camera is viewed in solid relief.
Stethoscope: is an instrument to hear and analyse movements of heart and lungs.
Stop watch: for recording small intervals of time in the laboratory, in races and other events.
Stroboscope: is an instrument for viewing objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.
Tachometer: is an instrument for determining speeds of aeroplanes and motor boats.
Telephone: a device by virtue of which two persons at two different places can communicate. It consists of two main parts (i) a microphone and (ii) a receiver. 
Teleprinter: an instrument which prints automatically messages sent from one place to another, on telegraph lines.
Telescope: is an apparatus used for observing distant objects.
Theodolite: is an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. 
Thermocouple: an instrument based on thermo-electricity used for measuring temperatures.
Thermometer: is an apparatus used for measuring temperature.
Thermostat: It is an instrument used to regulate the temperature to a particular degree.
Viscometer: is an instrument to measure viscosity.

Governors-General of Pakistan, 1947–1956

Muhammad Ali Jinnah             15 August 1947           TO       11 September 1948

Khawaja Nazimuddin               14 September 1948     TO       17 October 1951

Ghulam Muhammad                 17 October 19516       TO       October 1955

Iskander Mirza                            6 October 1955          TO       23 March 1956

All About Pakistan

All About Pakistan

Official Name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

· Father of the Nation      Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
· National Poet                  Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)
· Head of the State           Asif Ali Zardari, President
· Head of Government     Yousaf Raza gillani, Prime Minister
· Capital                            Islamabad
· Area Total                                          796,095 Sq. km.
Punjab                                                  205,344 Sq. km.
Sindh                                                    140,914 Sq. km.
North West Frontier Province           74,521 Sq. km.
Balochistan                                         347,190 Sq. km.
Federally Administered Tribal Areas 27,220 Sq. km.
Islamabad (Capital)                            906 Sq. km.
· Population                                       149.03 million

· Administrative Setup

Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into Divisions and Districts

Divisions
Districts 

NWFP       7 ,   24
Punjab     8  ,   34
Sindh       5   ,21
Balochistan    6      ,22

While FATA consist of 13 Areas/Agencies and Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have 7 and 5 Districts respectively.
· Religion                 95% Muslims, 5% others.
· Annual Per capita income      Rs. 28,933 (US $ 492 approximately)
· GDP          5.1%
· Currency        Pak. Rupee.

· Imports
Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea.

· Exports
Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit
· Languages
Urdu (National) and English (Official)
· Literacy rate
51.6%
· Government 
Parliamentary form
· Parliament
Parliament consists of two Houses i.e., the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly (Lower House).
The Senate is a permanent legislative body and symbolises a process of continuity in the national affairs. It consists of 100 members. The four Provincial Assemblies, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Federal Capital form its electoral college.
The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats).

· Pakistan National Flag.
Dark green with a white vertical bar, a white crescent and a five-pointed star in the middle. The Flag symbolises Pakistan's profound commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious miniorities.

· National Anthem
Approved in June, 1954
Verses Composed by: Abdul Asar Hafeez Jullundhri
Tune Composed by: Ahmed G. Chagla
Duration: 80 seconds
· State Emblem
The State Emblem consists of:
1. The crescent and star which are symbols of Islam
2. The shield in the centre shows four major crops
3. Wreath surrounding the shield represents cultural heritage and
4. Scroll contains Quaid's motto: Unity Faith, Discipline

· Pakistan's Official Map
Drawn by Mian Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy (1920-1999)

· National Flower
Jasmine.
· National Tree
Deodar (Cedrus Deodara).
· National Animal
Markhor.
· National Bird
Chakor (Red-legged partridge)
· Flora
Pine, Oak, Poplar, Deodar, Maple, Mulberry
· Fauna
The Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara, Black buck, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco-Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish, Crocodile, Waterfowls
· Popular games
Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash.
· Tourist's resorts
Murree, Quetta, Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral and Gilgit
· Archaeological sites
Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehr Garh, Takht Bhai.
· Major Cities
Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot
· Major Crops
Cotton, Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane
· Agricultural Growth Rate
4.15% in 2002-03
· Total cropped area
22.0 million hectares
· Industry
Textiles, Cement, Fertilizer, Steel, Sugar, Electric Goods, Shipbuilding
· Energy
Major sources
Electricity (Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear) Oil, Coal, and Liquid Petroleum Gas
Power Generating Capacity
18,062 MW

· Health
Hospitals
947
Dispensaries
4,800
Basic Health Units (BHUs)
4,820
Maternity & Child Health Centres
1,084
Rural Health Centres (RHCs)
581
Tuberculosis (TB) Centres
357
Hospital Beds
82,844
Doctors (registered)
101,635
Dentists (registered)
5,068
Nurses (registered
44,520
Paramedics
22,714
Lady Health Workers
6,397

· Education
Primary Schools
164,200
Middle Schools
19,100
High Schools
12,900
Arts & Science Colleges
925
Professional Colleges
374
Universities
Public Sector (including one WomenUniversity)
29
Private Sector
10

· Transport & Communication
Total length of roads
251,845 km
Pakistan Railway network
7,791 km
Railway stations
781
Pakistan International Airlines
Covers 33 international and 21 domestic stations with a fleet of 44 planes.
Major Airports
8 (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad and Gwadar)

· Seaports
International
2 (Karachi and Bin Qasim.)
Fish Harbours-Cum-Mini Ports
3 (Minora, Gawadar, and Keti Bandar)

· Communications
Post Offices
12,267
Telephone connections
4,589,000
Public Call Offices
1,14,527
Telegraph offices
328
Internet Connections
1.9 million


· Employment
Total Labour force
42.38 million
Employed Labour Force
39.41 million
Agriculture Sector
18.91 million
Manufacturing & Mining sector
4.51 million
Construction
2.25 million
Trade
5.27 million
Transport
1.97 million
Finance, Community & Social Services
5.90 million
Others
5.87 million

· Media
Print Media (In accordance with Central Media List)


Dailies
414
Weeklies
392
Fortnightlies
50
Monthlies
259
Annually
01
Quarterly
03

News Agencies

Official
APP

Private 
PPI, NNI, On Line and Sana.

Electronic Media 

TV Centres
Five TV centres at Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi covering 88.58% population and 29 re-broadcasting stations.

Pakistan Television
4 channels (PTV-I, PTV-II (PTV World), PTV-III & PTV-IV)

Registered TV sets
3,604,000

Radio Stations
Public:
Total 25, Home services in 19 languages. External Services cover 81 countries in 15 languages
Private:
Radio stations 3, TV transmitter channels 3

Cable Operators
900

· Banks
Central Bank
State Bank of Pakistan
Other Banks
National Bank of Pakistan
Habib Bank Ltd.
United Bankn Ltd.
Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd.
Allied Bank of Pakistan Ltd.
First Woman Bank
Mehran Bank
The Bank of Punjab
Bank of Khyber
Specialized Banks
Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan
Federal Bank for Co-operatives
Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan
The Punjab Provincial Co-operative Bank

· Famous MountainPeaks
K-2 (Mt. Godwin Austin)
28,250 ft./8611 m (2nd in World)
Nanga Parbat
26,660 ft./8126 m (8th in World)
Gasherbrum-I
26,470 ft./8068 m (11th in World)

· Famous Mountain Passes
The Khyber Pass
NWFP
The KurramPass
FATA
The TochiPass
FATA
The GomalPass
NWFP
The Bolan Pass
Balochistan
The LowariPass
Chitral (NWFP)
The KhunjrabPass
Northern Areas

· Rivers
The Indus

2,896 km
Jhelum

825 km
Chenab

1,242 km
Ravi

901 km
Sutlej

1,551 km
Beas (tributary of Sutlej)

398 km

· Famous Glaciers
Siachin
75 km
Batura
55 km
Baltoro
65 km

· Deserts
Thar
Sindh
Cholistan
Punjab
Thal
Punjab

· Lakes
Manchar
Sindh
Keenjar
Sindh
Hanna
Balochistan
Saif-ul-Maluk
NWFP
Satpara
Northern Areas
Kachura
Northern Areas

· Major Dams
Mangla Dam
Punjab
Tarbela Dam
NWFP
Warsak Dam
NWFP

Important Synonyms and antonyms

list of synonyms and antonyms for bank po exam , ssc exams and various competitive exams.

Serial	Word	Antonyms	Synonyms
1	Combat	Harmony , Peace , Concord ,  Amity , Cooperation , Surrender , Compromise	War , Fighting , Battle , Encounter , Contest , Fight , Conflict
2	Brevity	Confused , Longevity , Loquacious , Verbosity , Garrulity	Short , Laconic , Concise , Brief
3	Alarming	Hopeful , Comforting , Auspicious , Encouraging , Optimistic	Frightful , Dreadful , Terrible ,  Shocking , Ominous ,  Awful , Threatening , Scary
4	Feeble	Strong , Forceful ,  Vigorous , Firm , Muscular ,  Powerful , Robust	Weak , Fragile , Impotent , Languid , Frail
5	Miserable	Happy , Jocund , Cheerful , Glad , Joyous ,  Prosperous , Dignified , Blessed	Forlorn , Melancholy , Unhappy , Sad , Dismal , Pathetic , Wretched ,  Oppressive
6	Splendid	Dull , Ordinary , Dark ,  Humble , Dim , Dreadful , Cloudy , Terrible	Resplendent , Marvellous ,  Radiant , Magnificent , Brilliant , Wonderful , Shining , Great , Excellent
7	Vague	Clear , Evident , Defined , Obvious , Sharp , Certain  , Distinct , Definite	Dim , Obscure , Nebulous  , Indefinite , Doubtful , Ambiguous , Unclear , Abstruse
8	Controversy	Agreement , Peace ,  Compromise , Concord ,  Accord , Harmony	Dispute , Strife , Argument , Discord , Contention ,  Conflict , Debate , Quarrel
9	Elegant	Inexpensive , Ugly , Simple , Awkward , Usual , Rough ,  Vulgar , Rude , Coarle	Luxurious , Polished ,  Dignified , Fine , Graceful , Refined , Exquisite , Polite
10	Horrible	Agreeable , Attractive , Pleasant , Fascinating ,  Delightful , Pleasing , charming	Frightful , Horrid , Ghastly ,  Horrifying , Fearful , Terrific , Ugly , Awful
11	Fame	Disrepute , Dishonour , Notoriety , Obscurity , Oblivion	Esteem , Repute , Credit  , Prestige , Glory , Honour , Reputation , Renown
12	Scanty	Ample , Plentiful , Excessive ,  Abundant , Sufficient ,	Deficient , Narrow , Slender , Limited , Meagre , Sparse , Poor,  Inadequate , Few , Small ,
13	Worthless	Excellent , Useful , Good ,  Worthwhile , Valuable , Admirable	Cheap , Futile , Base , Useless , Valueless , Contemptible
14	Inclement	Genial , Temperate , Mild , Favourable , Pleasant	Rough , Severe , Stormy , Harsh , Unpleasant  , Unfavourable
15	Hazard	Certainty , Surety , Protection , Security	Danger , Threat , Jeopardy , Peril , Venture , Risk
16	Brutal	Tender , Merciful , Compassionate , Humane , Sympathetic , Gentle , Kind	Savage , Inhuman , Bestial ,  Merciless , Cruel , Barbarous
17	Audacious	Courteous , Humble , Polite  , Modest , Fearful , Timid	Intrepid , Adventurous , Daring , Bold , Courageous , Insolent , Impudent
18	Wicked	Just , Moral , Good , Virtuous , Upright ,	Malevolent , Evil , Heinous , Criminal , Vicious , Corrupt , Immoral , Bad
19	Abhor	Devotion , Fondness ,  Passion , Love , Attachment , Admiration , Affection	Disdain , Hate , Abominate , Dislike , Scorn , Despise
20	Filthy	Immaculate , Clean  , Virtuous ,  Pure , Decent , Spotless	Nasty , Foul , Unclean , Putrid , Dirty , Impure  , Polluted , Corrupt

CSS Examination Guideline

CSS Examination

CSS Examination is a competitive examination conducted by Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) Islamabad every year for recruitment to posts in Basic Pay Scale 17 for following groups/services under Federal Government.

1.  Commerce & Trade
2.  Customs & Excise Group
3.  District Management Group
4.  Foreign service of Pakistan
5.  Income Tax Group
6.  Information Group
7.  Military Lands and Cantonments Groups
8.  Office Management Group
9.  Pakistan Audit and Accounts service
10.  Police Service of Pakistan
11.  Postal Group
12.  Railways (Commercial & Transportation) Group

Parts of CSS Examination.

The CSS Exam comprises the following.

1.  Written Examination
2.  Medical Test
3.  Psychological Test
4.  Viva Voce

(Each part is explained in detail in the last of this topic/page)

Eligibility for taking CSS Exam.

  
Male as well as female candidates can appear in CSS exam if they fulfill the following eligibility criteria.
Nationality. The candidate must be a citizen of Pakistan or permanent resident of state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Education. (a)The candidate must hold at least 2nd division (or grade C), Bachelor Degree in any faculty in one of the universities of Pakistan or equivalent qualification or comparable educational qualification of a foreign university, recognised by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Islamabad.
(b) A candidate who has obtained 3rd division (or grade D) in his Bachelor Degree will be eligible for Exam in case he/she has obtained her division in Master degree.
Age limit. Age limit for candidate 21 – 28 years, which can be relaxed by 2 years (upto 30 yrs) for a person who is already in government service and has completed at least two years in service. Age relaxation (up to 2 years) is also available to candidates who belong to scheduled caste and Buddhist community as well as those candidates who live in remote areas, defined by FPSC (Age relaxation detail is in the last of this page).
Disabled Candidates. Disabled candidates (in categories of physical, hearing/speech (deaf & dumb) and visually impaired (blind)) are allowed to take exam against four Occupational Groups/Services which are (1) Commerce & Trade Group (2) Pakistan Audit & Accounts Service (3) Information Group and (4) Postal Group, provided they fulfil the eligibility criteria of education and age limit as mentioned above. 

Places of the Examination:

The examination is held simultaneously at Abbottabad,Bahawalpur, D.I.Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Gilgit,Gujranwala, Hyderabad, Islamabad, Karachi, Khuzdar, Lahore, Larkana, Multan, Muzaffarabad, Okara, Peshawar, Quetta,Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Sialkot, Skardu & Sukkur depending onthe number of applicants for each centre.

Places of Interviews:

The interviews will be held at Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore,
Peshawar & Quetta.

How to apply for CSS Exam

Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) Islamabad publishes their advertisement for CSS Exam in all “daily newspapers” every year. In which date of Exam and last date for submitting application form is given. 
Candidate must pay Rs. 1000/ (PKR) as application fee (exam fee) which is deposited in State Bank/National Bank of Pakistan under the account head “C02101-Organs of State Exam Fee(FPSC Receipt)”. Application form, Rules and Guidelines, and Syllabi are available on the production of this receipt (application fee deposit receipt in above banks) in Head office of FPSC at Islamabad and branches of FPSC at different cities. 
The application form is filled for apply for exam. The application form must reach Commission on or before the closing date. No extra time is allowed.

Dates of exam and submitting of application form of CSS.
                        Generally, the CSS exam (written) is held in the month of March or April every year, and last date for submitting application for is 1st or 2nd January of the same year. Like, The CSS exam (written) for 2012 will be held by FPSC with effect from 6th March 2012 and closing date for submitting application is 1st January 2012. 
These dates can be changed by FPSC Islamabad for every year.

CSS Examination – Detail of each part.

CSS Examination is given for the selection of candidates for services under FPSC, The Commission ensure that selected candidate is perfect in all aspects for the post or service. Candidate has to undergo all the parts of CSS Exam for appointment against a post.

1.  Written Exam
2.  Medical Test
3.  Psychological Test
4.  Viva Voce

Written Exam.

The written exam carries total 1200 marks. For written Exam candidate has to take all compulsory subjects (papers) which carry total 600 marks as well as select subjects from optional subjects which carry total 600 marks. Each paper is given time of 3 hours. There are subjective questions as well as some MCQs. MCQs are to be attempted on computerized OMR Answer sheet, whereas subjective questions are to be attempted on Answer Book. Blue or black ink is allowed only. For qualifying written test a candidate should obtain at least 40% in each compulsory subject and 33% in each of optional subject or 50% in aggregate. 

COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

COMPULSORY PAPERS
Subject	Marks
Essay	100
English (Precis and Composition)	100
General Knowledge
Everyday science	100
Current Affairs	100
Pakistan Affairs	100
Islamiyat	100
Total	600

Note: The Non-Muslim candidates have the option either to take Islamiat as one of the compulsory subject or otherwise Pakistan Affairs (G.K. Paper-III) will be treated of 200 marks in their case and half of the total marks obtained by them in the paper on Pakistan Affairs (G.K. Paper-III) will be counted in lieu of Islamiat.
A candidate who does not appear in any compulsory subject will not be allowed to appear in the remaining papers of the Examination. 

OPTIONAL SUBJECTS.

Subjects carrying total of 600 marks to be selected

OPTIONAL PAPERS
Subject	Marks
GROUP - A
Accountancy & Auditing	200
Economics	200
Business Administration	100
Public Administration	100
GROUP - B
Political Science	200
Agriculture	100
Forestry	100
Sociology	100
Journalism	100
GROUP - C
Pure Mathematics	200
Applied Mathematics	200
Computer Science	100
Statistics	100
GROUP - D (Science subjects)
Physics	200
Geology	200
Geography	200
Chemistry	200
Botany	200
Zoology	200
GROUP - E (History Subjects)
Islamic History & Culture	200
Indo-Pak History	200
British History	200
European History	200
History of the USA	100
GROUP - F
Law	200
Constitutional Law	100
Mercantile Law	100
Muslim Law & Jurisprudence	100
International Law	100
International Relations	100
GROUP - G
Philosophy	200
Psychology including Experimental Psychology	200
GROUP - H (Regional Languages)
Sindhi	100
Pushto	100
Punjabi	100
Balochi	100
GROUP - I (National & Foreign Languages)
English Literature	200
Urdu	200
Persian	200
Arabic	200

Note:

1.  There will be two papers of 100 marks each of the subjects which carry 200 marks. In other subjects there will be one paper. Each
2.  The Question Papers in Urdu or other Pakistani regional languages (Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi), Persian and Arabic should be answered in the respective languages or in Urdu/English unless otherwise directed in the question paper. The question paper in Islamiat is to be answered in English or Urdu only. All other papers must be answered in English unless otherwise directed in the Question Paper. Contravention of these instructions will result in the cancellation of the papers and award of ZERO marks in the paper(s) concerned
3.  The candidates are required to select optional subjects carrying a total of 600 marks, but not more than 200 marks from any box/columns, as provided in the columns of rules. 

CSS Exam - Medical, Psychological Test and Viva Voce

 

Medical Test.

Candidates who qualify the written examination will be medically examined by the Medical Boards constituted for the purpose to ensure that candidate is in good mental and physical health and free from any physical defect likely to interfere with the discharge of their duties. The candidates who (after such medical examination which Government or the appointing authority, may prescribe) are found not to satisfy these requirements, will not be appointed except the disabled candidates as rules mentioned for disabled candidates by FPSC. 

Disabled candidates must submit a certificate of disability issued by the competent authority designated for the purpose by the Federal/Provincial Government. Disabled candidates in the categories of physically impaired, hearing/speech impaired(deaf & dumb) and visually impaired (blind) are allowed to compete for Competitive Examination against four Occupational Groups/Services viz: (a) Commerce & Trade Group (b) Pakistan Audit & Accounts Service (c) Information Group & (d) Postal Group.... 
Disabled candidates will be provided helper such as Writer, if so requested by them in their application forms.
In order to prevent disappointment, candidates are advised to have themselves examined by a Government Medical Officer of the standing of a Civil Surgeon before applying for admission to the examination.

Psychological Test.

All candidates called for Viva Voce will be required to undergo Psychological Test first, comprising written tests and group tasks. Such tests are designed to assess abilities, attitude and personality characteristics of the candidates with special regard to their aptitude for the Civil Services. Separate marks are not awarded for the Psychological assessment. However, 300 marks assigned to Viva Voce also reflect the performance on Psychological Test. Candidates must bring their National Identity Cards and two copies of recent photographs when summoned for Psychological test, and Viva Voce. If a candidate remains absent in the Psychological Test, he/she will not be allowed to appear for Viva Voce.

Viva Voce.

Each candidate who qualifies written part of the exam. will be interviewed by a Board. He/she will be asked questions on matters of general interest. The object of the interview is to assess his/her suitability for the services for which he/she is entered and in framing their assessment the Board will attach particular importance to the moral and ethical qualities of the candidates, his/her intelligence and alertness of mind, his/her vigour and strength of character and his/her potential qualities of leadership. The Board will take into consideration his/her extra-mural activities such as sports, debates, hobbies, etc., and their effect on his/her physique and character, in assessing his/her merit.
All candidates are expected to have basic knowledge regarding Islam and Pakistan. Questions may be asked in the Interview on these subjects. Persons securing less than pass marks in these subjects will not be considered for appointment to Government jobs, irrespective of their proficiency in other fields. However, the Non-Muslim candidates will not be asked any question regarding Islam.

Qualifying marks in over all test for eligibility for appointment. 
The Commission with prior approval of the Government may fix qualifying marks in any or all of the subjects of the examination but a candidate who fails to secure at least 40% marks in any compulsory subject, 33% marks in any of the optional subjects, or 50% marks in the Aggregate and 100 marks at the Viva Voce, will be considered to have failed and will not be eligible for appointment.

How many time a candidate can take the CSS Exam?
A candidate can take CSS exam three times only.

Re-counting of CSS Exam.
If you want to do re-counting of your marks obtained in CSS Exam, you will have to submit your request for re-counting with in one month from the date of issue of result card/marks sheet, along with a Treasury Challan of Rs 200/- per paper as fee of re-counting.